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One of the core ideas that the Paleo diet rests upon is the concept of human evolution, and how it applies to agriculture and food sources. The argument goes, since grains and other neolithic foods have only been a part of the human diet for a relatively short period (in evolutionary terms), the human body has not had sufficient time to fully adapt. This lack of adaptation thereby increases the risk that these newer food sources pose to human health.
This theory is of course just a heuristic, and not really based on qualified experimental data. Matt Lalonde made it quite clear that approaching nutritional science in this manner is bound to get you laughed out of the room by guys with Ph.D.’s behind their names. But, it at least serves as a good starting point for exploring the modern human diet. From there you perform controlled experiments to test this hypothesis, many of which are now being done on a regular basis.
Well, what if that theory is just flat out wrong?